Did Nehru perform his duty as the first prime minister?

 

 

  

IMPOSITION OF NET ZERO EMISSION GOAL ON INDIA 

 Are we expecting too much from India?

courtsey:matmatch

 

Abstract 

 

India is a developing nation consisting 1.3 billion people of the world due to this  increasing population demand for energy is also accelerating .However the energy generation in India mainly consists of traditional coal plants which finally result into the carbon emission in the world .In this paper we are going to find the impact of greenhouse gases in the world and the difficulty of India in committing itself to net zero carbon emission goals .However India should not to take decision by pressure from the developed country rather it has firstly look its own domestic demand and need of the country which is more important for India .The developed country which has started destroying the natural resources much before India have no right to blame third world country for commitment towards nature the decision should be made voluntarily.  India itself and despite India’s non commitment to any voluntarily committed itself the inclusion of green energy and completed its goals ahead of its target time .India as one of the country that is working very well on its course to achieving its voluntary goals to mitigate the climate change (UNEP ‘Emission Goal Report’ 2014),also we will discuss the achievements and future goal of India’s renewable energy green whether it is in the field of wind energy solar energy  hydel energy  electric vehicles subsidies and its promotion . And finally we will see the possible outcomes which India can adopt in future at the global as well as domestic level which will be beneficial for both and the decision should be made by the cooperative efforts of the state govt. and the government organizations with prior consultation.

 

Keywords: GHG Emission, Net zero Emission, Paris summit ,COP26 , Renewable Energy, Climate change.

 

 

Introduction

 

Net Zero Emission doesn’t mean that there will be zero GHG emission from the country but it means that the total carbon emitted by country will be balanced by absorbing total carbon emission by planting trees or by using other method .Take for example we are filling the tub with water but at the same time we are taking water from the tub that means the amount of water in the tub will remain constant and they will not be any extra space for water. In the similar way if we will absorb the total amount of carbon we emits then it is called Net Zero Carbon Emission.

As India is a developing country putting its efforts in the development and growth of its nation by elevating poverty, providing health benefits, improving sanitation, digital education ,eliminating gender gap etc. . Also India is the second most populous country in the world after china and includes 65% of its population below the age of 35 makes it the highest young populated country in the world(Basu, Kaushik. 25 July 2007).By increasing youth population there is an urgent requirement for job for their livelihood and the employment demands industry to be setup in India.The western/developed countries being as a frontrunner in the pace of globalisation and they can do efforts towards green energy and neutral carbon emission goal, but how can they expect it from the country whose 22% population is below poverty line which have increased to 28% due to Covid-19 crisis(MoRD’s ‘Poverty measurement in India’ report 2020). Despite these there has been consistent force coming from the developed nation which eagerly wants India to commit itself to net zero carbon emission targets ASAP. Carbon Emission is not only a concern of one country but it is a matter of concern for the whole world and also the remedy to tackle this problem should be taken by all efforts. However it is also a matter of concern when certain countries blames only third world countries for the carbon emission .The developed countries should join hand with developing countries by financial inclusion in promoting green energy this could eventually benefits both the countries .India is the second most populous country after china started its industrialisation much later than western countries thanks to devastating colonial rule which ruled India for 200 years, also destroyed and looted India for their own benefits .India have started its journey from zero and at present India is the fastest growing economy 12.55% and sixth largest economy in the world .(IMF World Economic Outlook , April 2021).

  The growth and development of a country depends on certain areas like industrialisation ,employment generation, health , education , ease of living , hunger  eradication, poverty  alleviation  programme and  for  this  to  attain, there needs to be investment and  industrialisation in  the country . India’s industry has been consistently putting its efforts in the development of India whether it is manufacturing, steel and iron , IT ,automobiles, food processing industry etc.

   India itself is one of the severe countries which suffered most due to the climate change whether it is flood , cyclone, heavy rainfall, melting glaciers , cloud bursts, drought, habitat loss , crop damage etc. India itself acknowledged the effects of carbon emission. India has warmed up 0.7 degrees during 1901-2018. The decade 2010-2019 was the hottest with the mean temperature 0.36 degrees higher than average. (MoES, 2021.)India has also suffered most expansive climate disastrous like cyclone Amphawan and heaviest monsoon rainfall which cases flooded in the Deccan region which cost more than USD13 billion dollars and loss of 1600 lives(UN’s “The state of the Global Climate report 2020).It was the India’s heaviest rainfall in the last 25 years and the world’s seventh costliest .(IMD’s Assessment 2021).In early 2021 India suffered two more cyclones: cyclone Taukatae hitting the west coast and cyclone Yaas from the east .Assessment by the MoES shows that India may experience a 4.4 degree rise by the end of this century ( khasru S. ,24 sept2021).

 

source:IEA

Impact of Greenhouse Gases on Environment 

 

                             The report published by Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) assessment report 2021 from working group 1- ‘Physical Science Basis’ recently is an alarming call for climate action. It is one of the most expensive scientific reviews on the impact of climate change. This report was released on 9Aug 2021 by the efforts of 234 scientists from 66 countries and produced a 3949 page report (UN News Report 2021). The report discussed five shared socioeconomic pathways for the future. The five scenario are:

(a)Very Low GHG emissions ,where CO2 emission will become net zero by 2050.

(b)Low GHG Emissions ,where the emission of carbon dioxide will be net zero by 2075.

(c) Intermediate GHG Emissions , where CO2 level will be present at the current level till 2050 and then falling but not at a level of zero by 2100.

(d)High GHG Emissions ,where the emission of CO2 will double by 2100.

(e)Very High GHG Emissions, where the CO2 emission will triple in 2075(IPCC 6^th assessment report 2021).

Sea level rise is mainly caused by the expansion of warm ocean water , melting glaciers and the melting of ice sheets and according to this report the Global mean sea level rose by 0.2m between 1901 to 2018. In the last century sea level rose mainly by the thermal expansion of warm water but in this century , ice sheets and melting of glaciers are the main contributors.GMSL is expected to be 0.19m in 2050 and 0.44m by 2100 in a low GHG Emissions scenario. In the very high emissions scenario, GMSL will rise to 0.23m in 2050and will increase 0.77m in 2100. According to the UN Environment programme Emissions gap report, the temperature of the earth will increase by 3°c in this century which is double than Paris agreements goals ,there is deep uncertainty in sea level projection for warming above 3°C (Byravan S. , 2021).     

India is consistently working to reduce its greenhouse gases emissions ,and tries to achieve its goal of global temperature less than 2°c , also India have pledged to cut the emission intensity of GDP by 33% by 2030 over the 2005 level but India never supported the binding commitment towards carbon neutrality (Krishnan A. 2021).

Coal accounts for close to 70% of electricity generation. (IAE’s India Energy outlook 2021). To reduce the heat temperature which caused by the emission of GHG India have to detached itself from the conventional methods of energy generation and it have to adopt renewable energy for electricity generation which is not an easy task to do and includes the shifting of whole infrastructure and ecosystem,but  India is praised by some for its renewable target: scaling up power from renewable such as solar and wind to 450GW by 2030. (G.Ananthakrishnan, 2021).              

Nations are blaming each other for their history as emitters and now they are forcing developing nations to reduce their emissions which is discriminatory in nature. But as we know India itself is struggling with emission problems for instance Out of 30 most polluted cities in the world 22 are from India and Delhi is the most polluted capital in the world(World Air Quality Report 2020).The people who are residing in delhi are severely affected by this pollution as the AQI reaches sometime more than 600 ,while the safe limit is below 50.

India ranks third in greenhouse gases emission by emitting annually around 2.6 (Bt)CO2 . after China (10Bt) and USA (5.4 Bt CO2). Russia(1.7Bt CO2) is at fourth place and Japan(1.2Bt CO2 ) on fifth position , but if we compare the emission on  per capita basis India’s per capita emission is very low just (1.8tonnes ) which is lower than world average of 4.4 tonnes and USA has the highest per capita emission of (15.24tonnes) (Global Carbon Atlas 2021).

 

If we see  emissions per unit of GDP, of the top five absolute emitters. China ranks first with 0.486 kg per 2017 ppp $of , Russia being at second position of 0.411per 2017ppp $ of GDP. India is merely above the world average(0.26kg) and produces 0.27kg, while the USA is at 0.25. and Japan at 0.21 .but in terms of climate affected country India ranks 7^th which is 69bn dollars in terms of ppp.(Germanwatch,2021).India committed to “reduce emission intensity of its GDP by 33to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 level” (unfccc 2020).

 Sector-wise global emissions reveals that electricity heat production, agriculture, forestry produces 50 percent of the total emission of India. Energy sector contributes 44% , Manufacturing sector contributes 18% and agriculture, forestry and land use generates 14% and the remaining are the contribution of transport, industrial process and waste sectors. Agriculture’s  emissions have gradually declined from 28 percent in 1994 to 14 percent in 2016. However, in absolute terms, Emissions from agriculture have increased to about 650 mt CO2 in 2018, which is similar to China's emissions from agriculture.

The livestock sector is the primary contributor(54.6%) in the Agriculture Sector in the form of methane emissions by the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in agriculture soils(19%) which emit nitrous oxide . Rice cultivation alone shares (17.5%) of emission followed by livestock management (6.9%) and burning of crop residues contributes  2.1%.(Gulati and thangaraj ,2021)

 

Difficulties of India in adopting net zero emission:

 

India being the third highest contributor of greenhouse gases (2.6bn tonnes) have to work very hard to reduce this ranking .India has the fourth largest coal reserves in the world and it fulfills it 50% energy demand by using coal .Around (1.3bn) 18% of global population resides in India and due to the increasing population the demand for energy is also increasing day by day. India which consists 2.7 % of global land with a per capita income as low as $2100 .Yet India is on track to reduce its carbon footprints. India would need to generate at least 83% of its electricity from (non-hydropower) renewable energy sources by 2050, if it were to commit to achieving net zero emissions by mid century (CEEW).

 Arunabha Ghosh CEO, CEEW, said in a statement: 

“India has already demonstrated climate leadership and is the only G20 nation on track to surpass its Paris Agreement targets. However, if India were to announce a net-zero target, it must choose a year that not only minimizes climate impacts but also gives it enough space to develop. Achieving net-zero emissions by 2050 or 2060 would need rapid systemic changes across all sectors and sections of society. This, in turn, would require significant international financial investments and technological transfer from or technology co-development with the developed world”.

 

Another significance of Net Zero Emission is that NZE is one of the basic principles of  2015 Paris Agreement — “common but differentiated responsibility”. This requires developed and richer countries to take responsibility for the emission done by them in the period of Industrialisation in their country. Linked to this is the concept of climate justice, which underlines that the devastating impacts of the crisis will not be borne out equally by the rich and poor. (Nandi J.,2021).

Shyam Saran, former special envoy and chief negotiator on climate change, said:

 “For India… it is important that mitigation does not overshadow other key elements of the Paris Climate agreement… The consequences are already upon us and even with the most ambitious mitigation action, will the world since greenhouse gases accumulated in the earth’s atmosphere diminish only gradually. Adaptation should have equal billing with continued impact mitigation.”  

 India also has to adopt national level policy to promote organic culture which is the second highest contributor of carbon emission in India .A carbon policy for agriculture must aim not only to reduce its emissions but also rewards farmers through carbon credits which should be globally tradable . With the world’s largest livestock population (537 million) (19^th livestock census figures, pib.gov.in).India needs policy for cattle protection which also causes carbon emission .

courtsey:civilsdaily

 

India’s efforts  in reducing green  house gases :

 India’s total emissions in 2019 were 132 million tonnes of carbon dioxide which  have been on the decline for the first time in forty years (N Jayashree, 2020).Renewable energy (solar, wind, and biomass power) accounted for over 24% of India’s total installed electricity capacity as of July 2020(Central Electricity Authority 2020).India total non- fossil fuel energy constitutes 38% of the country’s installed capacity. Renewables are growing faster than fossil fuels with the share of renewable energy capacity increasing from 13% to 24% (36 GW in July 2015 to 88 GW in July 2020). While thermal power still be the major source for power supply but the share of thermal capacity declined by 8%, from 70% to 62% (192 GW thermal capacity of 276 GW total installed capacity in July 2015 as compared to 231 GW thermal capacity of 372 GW total installed capacity in July 2020(Central Electricity Authority 2020). While the Indian government recognizes the need to expand efforts for creating an “additional carbon sink” of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. India’s forest and tree cover has increased by only 5,188 km2 , yielding a 42.6 million tones carbon sink increase (MoFCC 2019).

courtsey:dailypioneer

India’s commitment to address climate change did not emerge from the coming up of the UNFCCC or the Paris Agreement . The Age Old tradition and the customs of this country acknowledged the importance of nature and environment and always  respected the environment and promoted prosperity along with them  . Therefore India despite having no binding mitigation obligation India declared a voluntary goal of reducing the emission intensity of its GDP by 20-25% over the 2005 level by 2020(Lakshman P. 2020)

The government estimated that there will be 238GW of coal capacity in 2027. An earlier draft of NEP doesn't have any plans to increase the production of coal before 2022 ,apart from 59GW which has already been built. India has to abandon the new coal fired plants to achieve its goal of 1.5°C (CAT 2021).

India cultivated rice on its 44 million hectares land which is the other culprit of methane emission especially in the irrigated tracts of north west India in states like punjab,haryana .While direct rice and alternative wet and dry practices can reduce the carbon footprint in rice fields , the real solution lies in switching the areas from rice to maize or other less water demanding crops .In this context ,opening up corn for ethanol can help not only reduce our huge dependence on the crude oil but also reduce the carbon footprints .(Gulati & Thangraj, 2021).

 

India’s Paris Agreement Targets 

The Paris Agreement during the 21st session of Conference of parties (COP21) of United Nations Framework  Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) approved by 196 countries in the year 2015 . The goal of Paris  Agreement is to  limit global temperature rise to well below 2°C and to make best efforts to hold warming to 1.5°C. Countries as part of the Paris Agreement submitted Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) detailing plans to cut emissions to meet the global temperature goal (UNFCCC “The Paris Agreement” Aug 28 2020). India ratified the Paris Agreement in 2016, India’s pledge lays out a comprehensive approach to limit climate impacts while fostering economic growth. India’s pledge includes the following commitments: 

 

• To put forward and further propagate a healthy and sustainable way of living based on traditions and values of conservation and moderation. 

• To adopt a path that is climate-friendly and cleaner than the one followed hitherto by others at a corresponding level of economic development.

 • To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35% by 2030 from 2005 level.

 • To achieve 40% cumulative electric installed power capacity from non-fossil-fuel energy sources by 2030 with the help of technology transfer and low-cost international finance including support from the Green Climate Fund.

 • To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

• To better adapt to climate change by enhancing investments in development programs in sectors vulnerable to climate change, particularly agriculture, water resources, the Himalayan region, coastal regions, health, and disaster management( mea.gov.in ,Govt. Of India).

 

India’s Achievements after Paris Summit.

India has done tremendous efforts from 2015 to fulfil its goals. In almost every sector the government is working to reduce the emission and aims to promote green and clean energy whether it is automobile sector, industrial, manufacturing sector, energy generation etc. India is also applauding all over the world for its efforts to reduce the climate change.

 

Renewable Energy

 

 India has committed to achieve 175 GW of renewable energy by 2022,under which 100 GW will be obtained from Solar Energy ,60GW from Wind ,10GW from biomass and 5GW from small hydropower(pib of India, MoNRE 2019).In 2019, India increased its target to 450 GW renewable Energy by 2030 which is five times the present installed renewables(IEA, “India 2020 Energy Policy Review).India declared  a non-fossil goal of 220 GW at the 2020 International Solar Alliance Summit; this target includes large hydro, nuclear, and renewable(The Economics Times, Sept 08 2020).As of July 2020, India have completed 50% of its 175 GW by 2020 target, with renewables (including solar, wind, small hydro, biomass cogeneration, and waste to energy) reaching 88 GW, representing 23.5% of India’s total installed capacity(CEA 2020). The National Solar Mission aims to install 100 GW of solar energy by 2022, and a  long-term goal to install 450 GW of renewable energy by 2030(pib.gov.in Aug 2020).While these goals are appetent, India’s solar energy potential is enough for the estimated 750GW (India Environment Portal Aug 14 2020). India’s solar energy capacity increased to 35 GW as of July 2020(CEA, Aug 20 2020). 2.1GW solar energy was also added in FY20 , which was 24% less than the targeted 3 GW(ET Energy world April23 2020). Despite the higher  growth in recent years, the solar market is facing challenges from COVID-19, such as disrupted supply chains, labour availability constraints, and reduced power demand(Energy Economics Times, Aug 6 2020). The solar industry have to face multiple challenges with safeguard duties on solar modules, manufacturing, safeguard duties, land availability, the uncertainty of power purchase agreements, and outstanding dues from distribution companies that have slowed solar capacity additions as a result the output is always Lower than the expected one(P. Sanjay, May 2020). Solar energy tariffs have reached their lowest point in July 2020 at `2.36 ($0.0316)/kWh. Solar park Corporation Tecnologica ,an Spanish Company had the lowest bid for a 2 GW project in Karnataka (Carbon Copy, July 2020). If we compare it to the thermal power tariff ,the lowest thermal power tariff by a three-company bid was 3.26 ($0.0436)/kWh in February 2020(S. Singh ,The Economics Times Feb 2020).The tariff on solar has been increased to 20% to 30%  (IEEFA ,Feb 2020).India took encouraging steps in increasing its  renewable power supply in May 2020(Nihar Gokhale The Wire, Aug 06 2020).  India remains one of the most attractive markets for renewable energy (Bloomberg New Energy, Emerging Markets Outlook 2019).India despite having high borrowing Costs and limited subsidies India has been successful in driving down the cost of solar.

 

source:saur energy international

Wind Energy 

 

India is on the track to achieve its aim to install 60 GW of wind energy by 2022 including 55 GW of onshore wind and 5 GW of offshore wind. With nearly 38 GW of installed capacity, India is the fourth largest market for wind energy, as of July 2020(CEA, July 2020). Out of the total installed power capacity of India only 10% is produced by using Wind Energy. However India has doubled its installed wind capacity from 2015 to 2020, increasing by 14 GW(CEA July 2020). But it is also true that the wind energy market in India has slowed because of unsustainably low tariffs, resulting from policy shifts in the feed-in tariffs (FiT) to reverse auctions and tariff caps(Institute for Energy Economics and Financial Analysis Feb 2020).There are some time delayed in this projects for instance the first 1 GW offshore wind project in the Gulf of Khambhat in Gujarat has been delayed and may relocate to Tamil Nadu(Energy Economics Times Aug 6 2020).There is uncertainty to achieve offshore wind target of 5 GW by 2022(R. Katyal Nov 2019).Yet the path of growth and development of  Wind energy in India is optimistic with an estimated 700-1500GW of onshore wind energy and estimated 70 GW from offshore wind potential.

image through:scroll.in

Vehicle Emissions Standards

 The BSVI vehicular and fuel emission Standards has been adopted by India as part of its Auto Fuel. Also, India now has ultra-low sulfur fuel (10 ppm) which is in use all over the country. The BS VI emission norms for 2-wheelers are also among the most drastic in the world. The BSVI will reduce 40% of PM emission and 43% of NOx emission as compared to BS IV emission standards (S. Sharma Aug 20 2020). Real Driving Emission (RDE) testing will be implemented by 2023 across the country to prevent the use of cheating devices and regulate vehicle emissions. 

 

source:Mint

Only less than 1% ; 246,000 electric vehicles (EV) sold in 2020 , that’s why India ramped up its investment in electric vehicles with the policy of FAME-II which provides 10,000 crore($1.4 billion) for charging facilities, Infrastructure , battery manufacturing and providing subsidies(National Mission on Transformative Mobility and storage ,March 2019). Expanding over three years from 2019 to 2022, FAME-II will provide incentives and subsidies to promote the electric vehicles (EV) and market penetration of electric public buses, four wheelers , commercial three vehicle  and privately owned two-wheelers and to provide infrastructure for charging facilities. In addition, the scheme requires half of the vehicle parts to be locally developed  in India to promote indigenous development (MoHIPE 2020). The National Electric Mobility Mission Plan 2020 aims to subsidize the cost and facilitate the sale of 6 to 7 million hybrid and electric vehicles over five years (MoHIPE “National Mobility Plan 2020”).To strengthen battery storage, the National Mission on Transformative Mobility and Battery Storage is also introduced to support the battery and EV component manufacturing which will made charging facilities  to everyone. (NDRF report “The Road from Paris : India’s progress towards its climate  pledge” Sept 2020)

India’s Commitment in Glasgow (COP26), 2021

 

Recently, on the summit of Conference of Parties 26 (COP26) in Glasgow, (Scotland).PM Narendra Modi has announced that India will become a net zero carbon emission country by 2070. Also in this meeting India has committed itself and the world five goals known as “Panchamrit” which are as follows:-

1.           India will increase its non-fossil energy capacity to 500GW by the year 2030

2.           India will become net zero carbon emission country by 2070

3.           India will meet its 50% of energy requirements from renewable by 2030

4.           Reduce its carbon emission by 1 million tonnes from now to 2030

5.           Reduce economy’s carbon intensity to less than 45% by 2030.   

 

As we know India is one of the leading countries in the field of generating renewable energy. In 2014 India total renewable Energy capacity was only 20GW but India decided to scale this up to 100GW by 2022, at that time the cost of solar power was Rs16/unit which has been reduced to only Rs2/unit. At Glasgow PM also announced to increase the renewable energy to 500GW in 2030 from 450GW target India’s initiated International Solar Alliance which is progressing continuously. India also talked about Climate Justice and demanded 1 trillion dollars from developed countries for investment in green energy by developing countries (P.Javadekar ,3Nov 2021).

But critics put out some disappointments from India at Glasgow Announcement, they are as follows:        

India didn’t commit itself to the group of countries who pledged to end deforestation by 2030.       

India didn’t talk about the NDC target for forest and tree cover.

India didn’t take a pledge on reduction of methane emission which is the second most abundant gas responsible for greenhouse gases.·        

India has also changed its earlier stand in which it decided to not obliged itself to cut emissions but now it is contributing to cut emissions.·        

Many senior officers shows their unlikelihood towards India high targeted

goals.(visionias.net)

Conclusion:

 

Amid increasing pressure from various countries and organisations India should not bind itself to the net zero emissions target which it cannot fulfil within a given time. India has to look into their domestic sphere and try to find out the possible results which can be beneficial for India and the world. India has been always prefers the motto of the Vasudeva Kutumbakam i.e. all world is one family but it is also necessary for India to first focus on its own country because eventually it is the people of India who has to suffers in the last .India acknowledges the importance of the climate change which is catastrophic to India as well as the whole world ,but the economic crisis is also the thing which can cause a lot of trouble for the country’s subjects as we have seen in the covid 19 times that millions of people lost their livelihood jobs and force to migrate into their hometowns . acc to an estimate this joblessness pull 20million people into below poverty line which India gain by improving their life in 70 years .Despite this India have done a tremendous works in the field of green energy and reducing its carbon share in the global level however it is not the end and India should decrease its dependence on the coal for electricity generation and opt out for better renewable method like solar ,tidal ,wind and nuclear energy which will reduce the carbon emission in India . As of January 1 India has 221 gigawatts (GW) of operating coal plants. This is the world’s third largest fleet, with 11% of global capacity, according to the global coal plant tracker (BP Statistical energy 2020, Chart).India nowadays plays an important role in global programmes however the commitment to any target on the global level should be properly discussed in the domestic sphere in the benefit of the masses of the country and being as a sovereign country India can choose its option whether it has to commit net zero emission or not. There should also be the participation of all the state governments in setting goals and the development and the economy of the country should also be kept in mind. Climate change could not be solved by the efforts of some developed or some developing countries but it should be tackled by the cooperation of all the nations of the world.

Technically, India can ignore this demand of net zero by saying that it has already taken significant steps in decarbonising its existing energy system. Also it has increased its ambition of renewable energy generation capacity to 450 GWs by 2030 and has achieved renewable penetration of about 38% in terms of capacity and 10% in demand. The real problem or issue in adopting a net zero goal lies in political and economic constraints .Net zero in the energy system is doable in the long-run, but economically challenging. 2070 is a dateline whose validity depends on four factors — high penetration level of renewables in the energy system, high level of electrification of energy grids, introduction of cost-effective green hydrogen-based economy, and biomass based biofuel production at scale. There is also another dimension. Despite these measures, there will still be a sufficient  amount of carbon left in the system that we have to move to artificial ways of carbon removals continuously at a massive scale. There is no getting away from this; scientists know it well(RR. Rashmi 2021).

 

As we know, India also has recently committed itself to the net zero emission goal by 2070 however there was consistent pressure from other nations and they looked at India with hope as India being the third largest emitter should also have to adopt net zero goal by 2050. However, critics believed that India should not have committed net zero goals so early and also on committing higher goals that may not be fulfilled.

 

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